基于Surfer的机场噪声等值线计算机绘制方法

以国际民航组织(ICAO)推荐的计权等效连续感觉噪声级(LWECPN)为评价参数,利用Visual C++编程,直接调用等值线绘制工具Surfer中的各种数学模型,实现噪声等值线绘制的自动化.并以浙江省某机场为实例绘制了噪声等值线图,该方法大大提高了绘图的效率,预测值与实测值的误差约为1.6～2.6dB.     

环境中氡辐射水平及控制措施分析

近年来,随着社会经济的发展,居民生活不断提高,对居室进行美化装修既成一种时尚。然而由安装（选用劣质材料）而引发的居室辐射水平超标,特别是氡辐射超标问题,已越来越受到人们的关注。为使人们对辐射环境有一基本认识和了解,作者根据多年从事辐射环境监测的经验,对环境空气中氡的性质、来源、辐射水平、危害及室内氡浓度控制措施作一简单分析介绍。     

城市道路灰尘中邻苯二甲酸酯污染特征研究

2 0 0 3年 1月采集广州市城区包括居民区、城区交通主干道、垃圾堆放场、休闲旅游区、商业区和工业区等 2 0个道路灰尘样品 .参照USE PA80 61系列方法 ,研究了广州市城区道路灰尘中邻苯二甲酸酯 (PhthalateEsters,PAEs)的分布特征 .结果表明 ,道路灰尘样品中PAEs含量范围为 4 48～ 3 70 42 μg·g- 1 (干重 ) ,平均值为 13 2 5 8μg·g- 1 (干重 ) ,TOC质量分数为 1 42 %～ 16 93 % .综合商业大厦、繁华商业步行街、饮料生产厂区、城区交通主干道和农贸市场道路灰尘PAEs含量较高 ;DEHP、DnBP和DiBP为道路灰尘中主要的PAEs;道路灰尘中wDEHP>wDnBP>wDiBP>wDnOP>wDEP>wDMP.     

潜流水平湿地对农业灌溉径流氮磷的去除

构建了潜流水平芦苇湿地,对农业灌溉径流(TN约为7mg/L,TP约为0.5mg/L)中氮磷进行了为期1年的去除研究.在水力停留时间(HRT)为2,4,6d时,TP和TN的去除率均大于87%和68%.湿地对TN、NH₄⁺-N和TP的去除受HRT的影响较大(P<0.05),对PO₄^3--P的去除受HRT的影响较小.在不同HRT情况下,NH₄⁺-N、NO₂^--N、NO3--N和PO₄^3--P的去除率均高于93%,出水浓度一般均小于0.04mg/L.且出水中的TP和TN主要为有机态,存在一个TP和TN背景浓度.TN去除率与负荷之间具有很好的相关性(R2=0.9968),但是TP去除率与负荷之间相关性较差(R²=0.5987).以HRT为2d计算,1m²的芦苇床处理该农业灌溉径流的能力为0.1m³/d,出水TN和TP浓度可控制在0.50mg/L和0.154mg/L以下.     

Sibling competition in guinea pigs (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cavia aperea</Emphasis> f. <Emphasis Type="Italic">porcellus</Emphasis>): scrambling for mother’s teats is stressful

Lactation is the most energy-intense period in the life of a female mammal. This can cause severe conflict between mother and offspring over the duration of lactation but also between siblings over the amount of milk each pup gets from its mother. Thus, competitive interactions between siblings are expected, and competition is likely to increase with litter size, particularly in species where the number of offspring exceeds the number of teats. We studied sibling competition in the domestic guinea pig (Cavia aperea f. porcellus), which has two teats, but frequently bears litters of up to five pups. By cross-fostering we created non-competition (control) litters with two pups and competition litters with four pups and observed nursing behaviour on days 5, 10, 15 and 20 postpartum. Pups of larger litters had lower growth rates, indicating increased competition among siblings in these litters. Pups of larger litters had to wait longer for access to a teat and spent less time suckling than pups of smaller litters but ate more solid food instead. Additionally, we manipulated the individual short-term need of pups by separating half of the pups of each litter for 2 h from their mothers before observation. Within a litter, hungry pups achieved access to milk faster and spent more time suckling than non-hungry pups. Pups competed mostly by scramble competition. Aggressive interactions occurred only in large litters. Pups of large litters had higher cortisol levels than pups in small litters. These effects decreased with age as pups became increasingly independent of maternal milk. Pup behaviour appears to fit better with models of scramble competition than with those of honest signalling. This contribution is part of the special issue “Sibling competition and cooperation in mammals” (guest editors: Robyn Hudson and Fritz Trillmich).     

大气CO2浓度升高和氮肥施用对三江平原湿地小叶章生物量及根冠比的影响

利用开顶箱薰气室（open—top chamber）试验装置,研究了不施氮（NN）、施常氮（MN,5g·m^2）和施高氮（HN,15g·m^2）3个氮素水平下大气CO2浓度升高对小叶章（Calamagrostis angustifolia）生物量和根冠比的影响。结果表明,大气CO2浓度升高对小叶章生物量的影响因生长期而异。大气CO2浓度升高对小叶章地上生物量的促进作用主要表现在生长前期,拔节期和抽穗期地上生物量较正常大气CO2浓度增加12．42％～22．60％,而腊熟期和成熟期仅增加3．11％～12．97％;大气CO2浓度升高对小叶章地下生物量的促进作用在生长后期表现明显,除拔节期外,小叶章地下生物量增加17．63％～42．20％。小叶章生物量和根冠比对大气CO2浓度的响应与供N水平有关。在HN水平下,大气CO2浓度升高使小叶章生物量和根冠比明显增加,在NN条件下促进作用则不显著。小叶章根冠比明显增加主要是地下生物量显著增长引起的。     

太湖不同营养水平湖区沉积物理化性质和磷的垂向变化

利用SMT标准测试程序对太湖3个不同营养水平湖区表层10 cm柱状沉积物进行磷赋存形态的垂向分析,并在此基础上讨论了沉积物有机质总量(w(OM)),细颗粒组成与磷赋存形态间的相关关系.结果表明,研究区各采样点沉积物的w(TP)平均值为437～1 650 mg/kg,最高为1 809 mg/kg; w(OM)平均值为17.93～38.76 mg/g;沉积物颗粒组成以粉砂和粘粒为主,占总量的49.64%～83.57%.不同湖区沉积物磷形态的垂向分布规律不同,总体上TP,无机磷(IP),铁铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)表现出在表层富集的现象, 钙结合态磷(Ca-P)和有机磷(OP)随深度的变化不大; w(OM)自表层向下逐渐降低. 无机磷占沉积物中总磷的比例较大,且其含量与Fe/Al-P的含量密切相关.Fe/Al-P占TP的比例随沉积物污染程度的增加而升高,是与人类活动密切相关的;有机质总量与OP显著相关;粘粒比例随污染程度的增加逐渐增大.      

太湖沉积物磷形态及pH值对磷释放的影响

对太湖不同营养水平和不同特征的 4 种沉积物的总磷、磷形态、粒径组成、化学组成进行了分析,模拟研究了不同 pH 值对上覆水体中总溶解性磷和溶解性活性磷含量的影响.结果表明,太湖沉积物样品总磷含量在 336.1～3408.01mg/kg,属于中富营养化到极富营养化水平.pH 值是影响磷释放的重要因素,碱性条件下,促进NaOH-P 的释放;酸性条件下,促进 HCl-P的释放.严重富营养化湖区沉积物的磷主要由无机磷组成,其中主要是 NaOH-P,该区中 pH值增加会导致磷释放量的大幅度增加,而 pH值下降对磷释放量的影响较小.中富营养化湖区沉积物的无机磷组成中,部分湖区 NaOH-P 含量高,部分湖区 HCl-P 含量高,所以该区中 pH 值变化对沉积物磷释放的影响,由于 NaOH-P 和HCl-P 含量不同而存在差异,NaOH-P含量较高,pH值增加会导致磷释放量的大幅度增加;HCl-P 含量较高,pH值下降会导致磷释放量的大幅度增加.     

The accumulation of geophysical data in digitized format may give glimpses into the evolution of the Earth

The increasing use of computers since the 1960s, has implied the digitization of observations in meteorology, oceanography and other observational sciences. Enough data has been accumulated to suggest that some patterns of evolution in the world may be discernable. The present article deals with what appears as changing tides around Canada.     

环境风险评价构架的探讨

本文归纳并概括了国际上和我国环境风险评价的一般构架,从环境风险评价、安全评价、健康评价、生态评价、最大可信灾害事故及最大可接受水平等几个方面对我国环境风险评价一般构架进行了探讨,分析了我国环境风险评价构架中存在的问题,提出了进一步完善我国环境风险评价一般构架的方法,并辅以了案例分析。